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– France, 1890

Although an aristocrat by birth, Toulouse-Lautrec’s work captures the grit and glamour of working-class nightlife in Belle Époque Paris. Local performers and personalities inhabit his canvases, underscoring the artist’s inimitable brand of post-impressionist realism. Here, “,” a Moulin Rouge veteran, instructs a new dancer in the art of the can-can.

– Egypt, c. 1345 B.C.

This striking portrait bust of the enigmatic Egyptian queen is believed to have been executed by . Uncovered during the 1912 excavation headed by , the painted limestone sculpture continues to be exhibited in Berlin’s Neues Museum to return the celebrated work to its homeland.

– Easter Island, c.1100–1300 A.D.

Over 300 monumental stone visages hover over the South Pacific Easter Island’s coastline. Characterized by rectangular heads, large eye sockets, and broad noses, the sculptures also have lengthy . Although their original purpose is unknown, it has been suggested that the carvings represent .

– Mexico, 1940

Frida Kahlo produced during her prolific career, merging a personal iconography of pain and loss with potent symbols of her Mexican heritage. “Self Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird” depicts Kahlo in a lush jungle wearing a necklace made of thorns. The artistic process served as a cathartic outlet for Kahlo’s traumatic split from fellow artist Diego Rivera.

– Japan, 1831

One of the most celebrated works in Japanese art, "The Great Wave off Kanagawa" is part of a series of block prints known as the "Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji." at the tender age of 6, and is believed to have been in his 70s when he created his masterpiece.

– The Netherlands, 1666

It’s estimated that a staggering during the 17th century, a period dubbed by art historians as the Dutch Golden Age. No work represents this era more ambitiously than Jan Vermeer’s “The Art of Painting.” The image depicts the painter, his back to the viewer, capturing the likeness of a comely , the muse of history.

– England, 1888

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, a 19th-century English aesthetic movement, were drawn to religious and literary subjects painted in a highly realistic manner. Waterhouse’s “The Lady of Shalott” based on a medieval Arthurian legend. The landscape was painted by the artist en plein air in the English countryside.

– Sweden, 1908

Dubbed the Norman Rockwell of Sweden, Carl Larsson is famous for his warm-hearted representations of middle-class Swedes engaged in work and play. This watercolor depicts Larsson’s wife walking pensively along the banks of the Sundborn River. The , dressed in local costume, occupies the rowboat to the right of the scene, together with the family dog.

– Nigeria, c.500 B.C.–500 A.D.

Some of the most striking examples of Nigerian art were produced by the Nok civilization approximately 2,000 years ago. This terracotta figure, now in the Louvre, exhibits the oversized head and bold, .

– Spain, 1937

Few paintings pack the political or emotional punch of "Guernica"—an anguished testament to the Nazi bombing of the eponymous Basque town at the request of Spanish Nationalists. Commissioned by the Spanish Republican Government for the 1937 Paris World's Fair, the monumental canvas brought the  to international attention.

– Ireland, c. 900

Distinguished by its circular center and intricate carving, this sandstone cross is one of the most celebrated examples of Celtic iconography in Ireland. An inscription , a medieval Irish king, and Colman, possibly an abbot of Clonmacnoise who commissioned the cross.

– The Czech Republic, 1910–1928

Art Nouveau legend Alphonse Mucha was born in Moravia but spent his early career in Paris creating celebrated art posters. In 1910 he returned to what is now the Czech Republic for the express purpose of painting 20 monumental canvases celebrating the history and folklore of the Slavic people. His monumental work was finished in 1928 and to the city of Prague.

– India, 1st century A.D.

This iconic image of the Bodhisattva Padmapani () is part of an elaborate series of paintings covering the walls of a cave complex in Maharashtra. A former Buddish monastery, the Ajanta Caves are now a UNESCO World Heritage site.

– Belarus, 1911

Born Moishe Shagal, modernist Marc Chagall received his artistic training in Paris and St. Petersburg, yet never forgot his roots on a Belarussian shtetl. “I and the Village,” a mesmerizing evocation of Chagall’s homeland, employs the artist’s trademark primary hued palette.

– Greece, c. 100 A.D.

Also known as the "Venus de Milo," this graceful marble sculpture was produced during the Hellenistic period. One of the most recognizable images in the canon of Western art, the sinuous sculpture's identity nevertheless remains a mystery. She may represent Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, or Amphitrite, a sea goddess worshipped on the island of Melos.

– China, 3rd century B.C.

In 1974, a group of farmers digging a well stumbled upon a lifesize, clay figure. Subsequent archaeological excavations uncovered a cache of , created to guard Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in the afterlife.

– Norway, 1893

Popularly known as “The Scream,” Munch’s surrealist icon was originally titled “The Shriek of Nature” and was inspired by a disturbing vision the artist experienced while walking in the Norwegian countryside. Munch executed several versions of “The Scream,” .

– Colombia, 1980

Contemporary artist Fernando Botero is famous for his corpulent subjects, including the colorful cast of characters depicted in “Dancing in Colombia.” In addition to scenes of everyday life, Botero is also well known for his zaftig renderings of the "Mona Lisa" and Pablo Escobar. In 2000, —including 123 of his own—to the Banco de la República, which are now housed in the Museo Botero in Bogotá.

– Germany, 1825–30

A titan of German Romanticism, Caspar David Friedrich specialized in allegorical landscapes populated by pensive youths. “Two Men Contemplating the Moon” is a joint portrait of the artist and his friend and disciple, August Heinrich. , twice during Heinrich’s lifetime, and later this work, executed after his death in 1824.

– Ecuador, 500 B.C.–500 A.D.

This mask represents Inti, the Incan sun god, believed by worshippers to sweat gold. Now in the National Museum of Ecuador, it displays the easily recognizable block-like geometric forms characteristic of Incan art.

– Italy, 1498

Aptly located in the dining hall of a Milanese convent, Da Vinci’s “Last Supper” is one of the most famous images in Western art, yet survives only thanks to intense restoration. Art aficionados wishing to get a glimpse of the 15-by-29-foot wall painting in person should book well in advance; admission is limited to small groups with viewings capped at just 15 minutes.

– Iran, 1539–43

Persian miniature master Sultan Muhammad is known for his exquisite manuscript illustrations, including this miniature . Although the representation of human and animal forms was prohibited by Islam, exceptions were made for a small number of literary works. This remarkable manuscript was commissioned by Shah Tahmasp, who was also the artist’s pupil.

– Austria, 1908

A glittering jewel in the Art Nouveau crown, Secessionist master Gustav Klimt unveiled his celebrated painting of the entwined lovers during the height of his “.” Although prudish Edwardian audiences initially denounced the painting for its unapologetic eroticism, it at the time.

– United States, 1930

, Grant Wood returned to America’s heartland where he completed his Depression era masterpiece. The term “American Gothic” refers not only to the poker-faced couple, but also the arched windows behind the couple, an architectural element popularized in the latter half of the 19th century.

– Belgium, 1950

painted by Surrealist legend Rene Magritte, "The Empire of Light II" juxtaposes a sleepy row of traditional homes with a blue sky suggestive of midday. It has been suggested that the street scene was modeled on Magritte's own address in Brussels.

– Russia, 1411–1425

Andrei Rublev’s “Holy Trinity” is, quite literally, the most iconic of all extant Russian icons—a tradition of diminutive, portable religious painting. The Russian Orthodox Church canonized Rublev, a member of the monastic community of St. Sergius outside Moscow, in 1988.

– Korea, 1751

Korea’s most influential “true-view” painter, , capturing local landscapes in ink and watercolor. His breezy, lyrical style rejected the pre-existing stylized aesthetic, influencing Korean artists for generations.

– Ethiopia, 16th century

This elaborate manuscript was illustrated in the scriptorium of the Gunda Gunde Monastery, known for its distinctive palette and stylized figures with large, expressive eyes. The text is written in .

– Scotland, 1900

This delicate gesso wall panel, designed by Scottish Art Nouveau phenomenon Charles Rennie Mackintosh, depicts the ancient tradition of wassailing—. The frieze originally graced the Ladies’ Luncheon Room in Glasgow’s Miss Cranston’s Ingram Street Tearooms, and was part of a larger remodel of the premises by Mackintosh and his future wife, Margaret Macdonald.

– Turkey, 1118 A.D.

This mosaic from the south gallery of Istanbul's magnificent Hagia Sophia commemorates an important political alliance between East and West—the . Created from tiny, glittering glass tesserae, the image depicts the imperial couple presenting gifts to the central figures of the Virgin Mary and the infant Christ.