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Turning up the heat helps animals fight germs—a lesson for humans on fevers

Why do people get fevers when we get sick?

It’s a common misconception that , such as SARS-CoV-2 or the flu, cause fevers. But it’s not that simple, report Phil Starks and Harry Bernheim, both at Tufts University, in . Pathogens cause fevers only indirectly.

When your immune system detects harmful microbes, your body raises its internal temperature to create a . Turning up the heat suppresses the proliferation of invaders. In short, the fever is the body’s way of fighting back.

Although many people don’t understand fever’s purpose, animals certainly utilize it. Even so-called “simple creatures,” such as , fish and insects, .

The body’s response

Suppose you catch a virus. The immune system responds by releasing molecules called , which induce fever. They signal the brain’s to raise the body’s set point temperature—like adjusting a thermostat.

hovers around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius), but fevers to 100.4-104 F (38-40 C).

When that happens, your muscles contract, , and blood vessels constrict to retain heat. You’ll feel cold until your body reaches the new set point, often prompting you to add clothes or snuggle into blankets. When the infection subsides, pyrogens decrease and the hypothalamus resets the temperature. You sweat, your blood vessels dilate, . You’re feeling better.

Mammals, lizards, fish and insects

Humans are not special in this regard; all mammals are capable of generating fevers. Even without taking their temperature, you might . When dogs have a fever, they often lose their appetite, become lethargic and may shiver—behaviors that closely resemble how people respond when they’re running a fever.

This adaptive response to infection is widespread in nature. Even cold-blooded animals, which rely on the environment for warmth, .

Lizards move to . If they’re blocked from doing so—or given fever-reducing drugs—their survival rates drop. Zebrafish swim to ; a rise of just 5.4 F (3 C) correlates with improved gene expression, stronger antiviral responses and higher survival. Naked mole rats—a social, subterranean that looks like a hot dog with teeth— in response to infection, despite their unusual physiology.

Insects, too, show remarkable responses. elevate their body temperature when infected, doing so in a dose-dependent manner: more pathogen, higher temperature. This behavior increases their chance of survival and reproduction.

Honeybees are . These social insects regulate brood temperature with extraordinary precision, keeping it between 90 F-95 F (32 C-35 C). They warm the hive by contracting flight muscles and cool it by fanning wings, sometimes spreading water on the comb to .

If their are exposed to heat-sensitive , the colony raises the temperature—essentially . The increased heat prevents spore germination and protects the next generation. Once the threat has passed, the bees restore their normal hive temperature.

If fevers don’t wind down within 24 hours to 36 hours, it’s time to see a doctor.

Treating a fever

These examples show that evolution has favored the fever response. Yet when humans get a fever, our instinct is often —using aspirin, removing blankets or applying cold compresses. And sometimes that’s appropriate. Adults should seek medical attention if fever exceeds 103 F (39.4 C); children at 102 F (38.9 C); and infants younger than three months at 100.4 F (38 C).

But mild to moderate fevers often help more than they hurt. Reducing a fever too soon— or environmental cooling—may interfere with the body’s natural defense, .

This isn’t a new idea. Nearly a century ago, Austrian physician Julius Wagner-Jauregg called malariotherapy: infecting syphilis patients with malaria. The high fever induced by malaria killed the syphilis-causing bacteria. Once the bacteria was eliminated, doctors treated the malaria with quinine.

The approach was risky but effective enough to win Wagner-Jauregg . Although some patients died from the treatment, and many others relapsed, it remained in use for about two decades, until replaced by penicillin. Think of Wagner-Jauregg’s treatment like using a sledgehammer to drive a nail; it worked, though the wall didn’t always survive.

Much remains to be discovered about how . Still, the underlying message holds: Fever fights infection.

The fact that so many diverse creatures developed similar fever responses suggests a powerful pattern known as —when different species with enormously complex evolutionary histories converge on a similar solution. Despite different evolutionary paths, all these organisms faced the same challenge—infection—and arrived at the same solution: fever.

was produced by researchers at Tufts University for and reviewed and distributed by �鶹ԭ��.