50 archaic gender laws still in place around the world
50 archaic gender laws still in place around the world
Despite a global push toward parity, gender inequality still exists today in many forms, both legal and systemic. Even in progressive cultures, advancements in gender equality are often slow to occur. In America, women have only had the power to vote for about 100 years. Other cultures are also embracing a more egalitarian approach. Just this past June, Saudi Arabia began issuing driver's licenses to women for the first time in their nation's history. The initial broke a barrier, and there are now more than to drive in the country. In Japan, a divorced female was previously not allowed to remarry for six months. Just a couple of years ago, .
August 26 marks the celebration of , which serves to bring attention each year to the cause of gender equality. In order to examine the current state of equal rights, this list was compiled to highlight oppressive gender-based laws that exist both around the world and in the United States. Gender inequality is very much alive today in countries across the globe, but progress is coming鈥攏o matter how slowly the wheels of change may turn.
Note: While the enforcement of each of these rules indeed depends on the willingness of local officials to comply with the word of the law, each of these is, in fact, on the books and legally in place today.
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India: Marital rape over a certain age
In India, marital rape (i.e. non-consensual sex between two married people) is not considered illegal if the female partner is over a particular age. For years, it was legal in India for a man to if she was 15 or older. A 2017 Supreme Court ruling amended the law, .
Israel: Segregation at the Western Wall
Considered universally to be in Jewish tradition because of its association with King Herod鈥檚 Second Temple, Jerusalem鈥檚 Western Wall has separate prayer sections for men and women. The women鈥檚 section is considerably smaller than the men鈥檚, and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to have the barrier dismantled.
Malta: Kidnapping with intent to marry
Crimes in the small island nation of Malta incur different punishments depending on the gender of the offender. A Maltese man who kidnaps a woman can if he intends to marry the victim. In addition, if a man does end up marrying the woman he kidnapped, the charges are dropped and he won鈥檛 face any further prosecution or punishment.
U.S.-Michigan: Seducing an unmarried woman
While they鈥檙e not actively enforced, Michigan still on the books that seem outdated in today鈥檚 society. To this day, men are forbidden from seducing unmarried women. , 鈥淎ny man who shall seduce and debauch any unmarried woman shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison not more than five years or by fine of not more than $2,500.鈥
Philippines: Prostitution only applicable to women
In an attempt to solve its prostitution problem, the Philippines added a gender-biased law to its books in the form of 2012鈥檚 , which states that 鈥渨omen who, for money or profit, habitually indulge in sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct, are deemed to be prostitutes.鈥 By only defining women as prostitutes, the law ignores male prostitution altogether.
Jordan: Lenient sentencing for honor killings
While the Arabic state of Jordan has made great strides in improving its rape laws, the nation still . These killings occur when a male family member enacts violence against a female family member due to transgressive behavior in relation to love or sex. Until recently, with a maximum sentence of eight years' imprisonment. The crime now dictates a punishment of 15 years鈥攕till a woefully short sentence in relation to the crime.
U.S.-North Carolina: Irreversible consent
The Tar Heel State has on the books forbidding a woman from withdrawing consent of sex after the act has begun. This law was put into effect as a result of the 1977 North Carolina Supreme Court ruling in .
Russia: Sanctioned domestic violence
Russian law dictates that if a man beats his wife, or any relative for that matter, and the damage inflicted is not severe enough to mandate a hospital visit, his is a fine of 30,000 rubles (approximately $450) or up to 15 days in prison. Not only does the husband essentially get off punishment-free, but there are recorded instances of female abuse victims being forced to because the funds come from a shared account.
Turkey: Conditional female employment
In Turkey, it鈥檚 illegal for a woman to without her husband鈥檚 approval. As a result, only 29% of Turkish women are employed.
United Kingdom: Male primogeniture
Almost all aristocratic titles of nobility are passed to male heirs in the United Kingdom, a practice that . A lawsuit brought forth by is currently challenging Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights, and the United Kingdom is being taken to the European Court of Human Rights to settle the dispute.
Afghanistan: Household supervision
Afghan husbands when their wives can leave the family鈥檚 shared domicile. The only exception is when the wife has to leave the house for legal purposes, and even that is only allowed when dictated by local customs.
Japan: Right to remarry
While some of these inequalities deal with marriage, this one specifically addresses what . In Japan, women can鈥檛 marry anyone for 100 days after their previous marriage ends. This is a slight improvement over earlier iterations of the law, which dictated that women wait a full six months post-divorce.
U.S.-Arizona: Wearing pants
As strange as it is to believe, it鈥檚 illegal for women to in Tucson, Ariz. The law dates back over a century when it was against the law to wear clothing that was deemed unsuitable for one's gender. Luckily for Arizona women who enjoy wearing pants, this law is .
Russia: Appropriate professions
According to enacted in 2000 by Vladimir Putin, a woman is limited to only certain professions deemed appropriate for females. There are currently 456 careers in 38 industries that are off-limits to women based on those jobs Russian women are also not allowed to work underground.
Israel: Male-only divorce filings
Israeli women can become if the husband does not agree to divorce. That's because only Israeli men are legally permitted to file for divorce. The issue where feminists are pushing for 鈥渃hained women鈥 to gain more rights.
Singapore: Marital rape
In Singapore, it is not considered a criminal offense to commit rape under certain circumstances, specifically when a man forces himself on his wife. Recent recommendations , however, may finally eradicate legally-sanctioned marital rape.
Algeria: Polygamy but not polyandry
According to the , one man having multiple wives is legal while one woman is prohibited from marrying several husbands. The law dictates that both the 鈥減revious鈥 and 鈥渇uture鈥 spouse are informed of the arrangement, and the husband must demonstrate 鈥渃apacity to offer equality and the necessary conditions for marital life.鈥
United Arab Emirates: Inheritance inequality
When it comes to inheritance in the United Arab Emirates, the rights of women are severely discounted. can be as low as one-third (and not more than one-half) of men in similar positions. This is dictated in the .
Monaco: Right to pass on maternal citizenship
In the tiny principality of Monaco, children are citizenship from their mother. Citizenship can only be passed down from the father鈥檚 side of the family, with the only exception occurring if the father is unknown.
China: Specific types of work
China is another country where women are generally dissuaded from doing certain types of work. Chinese universities offer programs like mining that guarantee work post-graduation, but women aren鈥檛 allowed to enroll. 鈥,鈥 according to Professor Shu Jisen.
Chile: Sexual harassment
While Chile has made great strides since the days when a woman鈥檚 property was considered her husband's, the country still lacks in terms of protecting against sexual harassment. A law to ban workplace sexual harassment, but even that doesn鈥檛 forbid harassment at hospitals, prisons, and educational institutions. In the wake of the #MeToo movement, .
Indonesia: Polygamy
Polygamy was once an accepted way of life in the world, dating all the way back to biblical times. Indonesians are still allowed to continue the practice of a man having more than one wife. Even though it is , it is not generally accepted by mainstream Indonesian society, with second wives suffering the reputation of "homewreckers."
Iran: Dress code
Iran who do not adhere to the strict dress code outlined by Sharia law, which governs the theocracy. Those caught violating the law by not wearing a hijab face the possibility of fines or imprisonment. , but they鈥檝e been unable to create any meaningful changes.
Cuba: Marital age
Cuban woman face inequality when it comes to the for marriage. A woman in Havana can be married when she鈥檚 only 14, while men must be 16.
Saudi Arabia: Undergoing surgery
Saudi Arabia has long been known as an oppressive place for women. In fact, women are unable to 鈥攊ncluding undergoing surgery. These decisions default to their male guardian for approval.
Yemen: Leaving the house
Women in Yemen are restricted from without their husbands' specific permission. This often leads to pseudo-imprisonment, and a heavy restriction of Yemeni women鈥檚 rights. The only exceptions to the rule include emergencies, specifically those relating to a family member in need.
U.S.-Alabama: Sex toys
In Alabama, it鈥檚 illegal to sell vibrators and sex toys, except for very specific purposes. In 2009, a sex shop challenged the law, but the Alabama Supreme Court ruled that 鈥"
El Salvador: Abortion and miscarriage
Abortion was criminalized in El Salvador back in 1997, and some women have even been in the Central American nation for having a miscarriage. While a recent pardon and provides some hope, the law is still in effect.
United Arab Emirates: Time of work
Although Article 34 of the Emirati Constitution gives every citizen the right to freely choose his or her own occupation, trade, or profession, there are other provisions that render this void. Specifically, women are between the hours of 10 p.m. and 7 a.m.
Nigeria: Marital assault
Sadly, physical and sexual assault in marriage in Nigeria is . Domestic abuse is not illegal in the African nation, and because marriage is so valuable to women, most Nigerians will not report violence or leave their abusers.
Tanzania: Widow鈥檚 loss of home
In parts of Tanzania such as Kilna, of their matrimonial homes after their spouses pass away. If losing a spouse isn鈥檛 enough, this expulsion can be compounded by the accompanying loss of all property and children as well. Although the law still stands,
U.S.-California: Wearing high heels
Believe it or not, it鈥檚 illegal to higher than two inches in Carmel, Calif., without a permit. Thankfully, the law isn鈥檛 enforced by the local police. For those who like to do everything by the book, permits are available from city hall at no charge.
Tunisia: Inheritance inequality
In Tunisia, inheritance inequity is a regular occurrence, and . A Tunisian son inherits significantly more than a daughter. In addition, if there is only one daughter, she will only inherit .
Saudi Arabia: Swimming in public pools
Saudi women in public pools that are available to men. In fact, women because they might catch sight of men in bathing suits.
eSwanti: Wearing short skirts
It鈥檚 illegal for women to or trousers in certain tribes in Swaziland, which . The chief of the Maphalaleni chiefdom claims that the ban is in place 鈥渙ut of respect.鈥
United Arab Emirates: Ability to work
It is up to the whether he allows the wife to work at all. When they are permitted to work, women are not allowed to be employed in professions deemed hazardous.
Pakistan: Testimony inequity
In the eyes of Pakistani law, a is worth less than their counterparts. Their word in court is considered to be only half as valuable as that of a man.
U.S.-Multiple states: Premarital cohabitation
While unmarried couples live happily together in every state in the union, it is still considered illegal to prior to marriage in some states. These states include Florida, Michigan, Mississippi, North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia.
Yemen: Marital rape
In Yemen, a husband can have with his wife pretty much whenever he wants. To complicate matters, , as there is no minimum age requirement for women to marry in Yemen.
Iran: Attending sporting events
The law forbids women from attending sporting events in Iran. Some people . In September, Iranian women were to a World Cup qualifying match in Iran despite having tickets, while their Syrian counterparts were admitted into the stadium.
Democratic Republic of Congo: Conditional employment
Without her , a woman in the Democratic Republic of Congo cannot work. In addition, she is restricted from appearing in civil court on her own behalf.
Nigeria: Marital rape
Section 357 of the Nigerian Criminal Code prohibits rape, but leaves a startling omission: A girl cannot give her own consent for the action, which means that a woman can never consent to sex. Specifically, the law states in section 363(b) that 鈥渋t is immaterial that the girl was taken with her own consent or at her own suggestion.鈥
U.S.-Tennessee: Women drivers
In Memphis, Tenn., without a man walking in front of the car waving a red flag. This regulation is obviously not enforced, as women are free to drive in Memphis as they please.
Guinea: Employment opportunities
A woman cannot be employed in the as her husband in Guinea. It is completely up to the husband if he wants to permit his wife to work alongside him, and the woman has no official say in the matter.
Japan: Marital age
for when men and women are allowed to marry. A women only has to be 16 years of age, while a man must be 18.
United Arab Emirates: Ability to travel abroad
In the United Arab Emirates, a male guardian if a woman may travel outside the U.A.E. This leads to a higher percentage of women pursuing secondary education inside the U.A.E., since Emirati men often choose to seek master鈥檚 and doctoral degrees abroad.
Yemen: Witness testimony
Women are only considered in Yemen when it comes to legal matters. In addition, according to a 2005 Freedom House report, a woman is not 鈥渞ecognized as a full person before the court.鈥
Vatican City: Right to vote
in the ultra-small municipality of Vatican City. Catholic "" protested exclusionary policies last fall, calling on the Vatican to allow women to vote in the annual Synod of Bishops and promote more women to senior administrative positions.
U.S.-Tennessee: Requesting a date
It鈥檚 illegal for a woman to solicit a date from a man on the telephone in Dyersburg, Tenn. No legal clarification exists as to whether texting is permitted.
Egypt: Murder for adultery
Egyptian law permits a man who finds his wife committing adultery to kill both his wife and the male adulterer without suffering the penalty for murder. , "Whoever surprises his wife in the act of adultery and kills her on the spot together with her adulterer-partner shall be punished with detention instead of the penalties prescribed in Articles 234 [unpremeditated murder] and 236 [assault]."