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The world first learned about the coronavirus in late 2019, as the disease spread through Wuhan, China. Within weeks of the first documented COVID-19 cases, a group of scientists—including those in China and international collaborators— on an open-access site. Virologist Edward Holmes , enabling researchers around the world to begin studying the virus.

That early research included vaccine development at Moderna and BioNTech, a German biotechnology company that would soon partner with Pfizer on clinical trials. As both of these companies had previously been working to produce vaccines based on genetic sequences, they were able to quickly adapt their work to the coronavirus. started in March 2020, just two months later.

In the early months of the pandemic, doctors treating severely ill COVID-19 patients had very little information about what drugs or treatment methods might be most effective. This knowledge gap led some doctors to try out drugs that for COVID-19, while regulators attempted to provide guidance as quickly as possible.

One drug that became popular during this period was hydroxychloroquine, a drug and some forms of arthritis and lupus. After some early data suggested hydroxychloroquine might also work against COVID-19, the FDA provided this drug with an Emergency Use Authorization in late March; it was also touted as a potential miracle drug by then-President Donald Trump. showed that hydroxychloroquine did not actually help alleviate COVID-19 symptoms, however, and .

Remdesivir was another early drug that . This antiviral drug, made by the biopharmaceutical company Gilead Sciences, was shown to in a trial run by the National Institutes of Health. After its emergency authorization, the federal government to distribute to U.S. hospitals between June and September 2020.

Later, in 2020, hospitals started working directly with Gilead to purchase the drug. It has remained one of the most widely used antiviral drugs for hospitalized COVID-19 patients and was —a more rigorous process than emergency authorization—in October 2020.

Pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly was the first to begin testing a monoclonal antibody treatment for COVID-19. In these treatments, patients receive infusions of lab-made immune system proteins that are designed to fight off the coronavirus. The treatments effectively give a boost to the immune systems of patients who are particularly vulnerable to severe symptoms.

Bamlanivimab, Eli Lilly’s monoclonal antibody treatment, in November 2020. A received Emergency Authorization later that month. Both treatments were initially only available for high-risk patients in hospitals but became more widely distributed in 2021.

Less than a year after Chinese scientists publicly shared the coronavirus' genetic sequence, two mRNA vaccines designed from this sequence received emergency authorization from the FDA. Many scientists and health experts as no vaccine had ever been produced so fast in human history.

The Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines were able to progress so quickly because both BioNTech and Moderna, along with the National Institutes of Health, had been working on coronaviruses and genetic sequence-based technology for years before COVID-19 hit. In addition, the Trump administration poured billions into vaccine development and production through allowing the COVID-19 vaccines to move through bureaucratic hurdles more efficiently.

The U.S. vaccine rollout started on Dec. 14, 2020, with receiving the nation's first dose. Healthcare workers and nursing home residents were first in line for doses, followed by seniors and other immunocompromised and otherwise vulnerable Americans.

As the COVID-19 vaccine rollout progressed in 2021, vaccination became increasingly polarized: As of January 2022, 91% of people who identify as Democrat have received at least one dose of vaccine compared to 63% of people who identify as Republican, according to .

Republican politicians who are hesitant to alienate their bases by encouraging vaccination have instead turned to monoclonal antibody treatments as an alternative option for reducing COVID-19 deaths. During the summer 2021 Delta surge—which primarily hit Southern, Republican-led states where mask mandates also served as a —governors in Florida, Texas, and other nearby states where residents could receive these treatments for free.

By mid-September, just from the federal government, according to the Department of Health and Human Services. The HHS responded by taking control of monoclonal antibody distribution, making it similar to the distribution system for remdesivir in 2020.

Eight months after Americans started receiving the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine under Emergency Use Authorization, . “The public can be very confident that this vaccine meets the high standards for safety, effectiveness, and manufacturing quality the FDA requires of an approved product,” Acting FDA Commissioner Janet Woodcock said in a statement at the time.

Some public health experts hoped that the full FDA approval would help to convince vaccine-hesitant Americans—concerned about the rapid timeline for COVID-19 vaccine development—that Pfizer’s vaccine was entirely safe and effective. However, polling and data analysis afterward found that . Vaccination rates went up slightly in late August 2021 but fell again in September.

Millions of parents rejoiced in early November 2021 when the FDA and CDC for children ages 5 to 11. Enthusiastic parents got their children vaccinated in time for the 2021 holiday season. But overall, uptake in this age group has been low so far, with just over 28% of children in this age group having received at least one vaccine dose .

Meanwhile, parents of the youngest Americans (those under 5 years old) are still waiting on vaccine authorization. In December 2021, Pfizer found that two doses of a low-dose version of its vaccine did not provide a strong immune response in children ages 2 to 4; after initially applying for FDA authorization with two doses while continuing to test a third dose, the in February 2022 to wait for more data.

As of December 2021, Americans who get infected with the coronavirus now have two options for treatment that do not require infusion in a health care center. The FDA provided emergency authorization to two antiviral treatments in pill form: , .

Both pills work by stalling the coronavirus’ replication in the body, leading to a lower risk of severe symptoms. The Pfizer pill, called Paxlovid, has been : It reduces the risk of hospitalization and death by 88%, compared to 30% for Merck’s pill. For both treatments, patients must get a prescription and begin taking the pills within five days of onset of COVID-19 symptoms—which can be challenging, as supplies of the drugs are limited in the U.S., as of early 2022.

The Omicron variant caused a major shift in COVID-19 treatment availability, as scientists at Eli Lilly and Regeneron quickly discovered that their monoclonal antibody drugs no longer worked well against this version of the virus. Consequently, the FDA its emergency authorization for their use. Nonetheless, some of the same Southern states that popularized these drugs in summer 2021 despite their ineffectiveness.

Eli Lilly responded to the situation by , called bebtelovimab, that is effective against Omicron. According to the company, this new drug also works against BA.2, a of Omicron that has garnered some concern as it is even more contagious than Omicron itself. The U.S. government has purchased 600,000 courses of bebtelovimab, to be distributed in February and March 2022.